The spectrum, simply
- One container:
docker runon a VM (Hetzner, DigitalOcean droplet). Simple. Cheap. - A handful of services: Compose on a single VM, or a managed service: AWS App Runner, Google Cloud Run, Fly.io, Render, Railway.
- Many services across many machines: Kubernetes (managed: EKS, GKE, AKS).
When NOT to reach for Kubernetes
- Solo dev or small team.
- Less than 10 services total.
- Compose covers your needs and you can sleep at night.
- Learning Docker — finish that first.
What managed services do for you
Cloud Run, App Runner, Container Apps, Fly: you push an image, the platform runs it. They handle SSL, scaling, deploys, restarts. Pay-per-use. Zero Kubernetes ops. For most apps, this is the sweet spot.