Variables and Quoting

Three quoting modes

• 'single' — fully literal. No expansion, no escapes.
• "double" — variables and command substitutions expand; single chars (\$, \") escapable.
• no quotes — word-split and glob-expand. Almost never what you want.

The 90% rule: quote your variables

name="Pippa Choi"
echo $name           # Pippa Choi  (looks fine but two args were passed)
echo "$name"         # Pippa Choi  (one arg)
for f in $files; do  # word-splits the value of $files
for f in "$files"; do # one iteration regardless

If the unquoted form passes more args, edge cases (filenames with spaces, empty values) silently break. Always "$var" unless you specifically want word splitting.

Default values

: "${PORT:=8000}"     # set if unset
echo "${USER:-anon}"   # use 'anon' if unset; don't change USER
: "${REQUIRED:?must be set}"  # error and exit if unset

The leading : is the no-op command — we just want the side effect of expansion. The full parameter expansion table lives in the epilogue track.

Read user input

read -rp 'Name: ' name
echo "hi $name"
# -r preserves backslashes; always use it
# -s for silent (passwords)

Local vs global

Inside a function, local var=value keeps the variable private to the function. Without local, the assignment leaks to the outer scope. POSIX sh has no local; bash/zsh do. Most function bugs come from forgetting it.